Extraterrestrial Volcanoes - Free Essay Example

A volcano is defined, by NASA, as an opening on the surface of a planet or moon that allows material warmer than its surroundings to escape from its interior. While volcanoes are a generally thought of as a feature of Earth, there are plenty of other planets and even moons with a range of extinct, dormant, and active volcanoes in our solar system, and presumably in others as well. Once a feature has been officially defined as a volcano, it is then further classified into one of three designations, mons, tholus, and patera, based on their external presentation as defined by the International Astronomical Union, or IAU. Montes are any mountains, while tholi are generally hills or small domical mountains, and paterae are irregular or complex craters with scalloped edges. The term volcano is pretty vague and many different variations on the feature can be found on a variety of different celestial objects throughout the solar system. Terrestrial Volcanoes There are four main types of volcanoes on Earth: cinder cone, composite, shield, and lava dome. Cinder cones are the simplest and happen when, over time, the lava that is spewed into the air rains back down and forms a cone with a bowl-like crater at the top. These volcanoes rarely peak much higher than 1,000 feet. Composite volcanoes are also known as stratovolcanoes and can reach thousands of meters tall. They have a system that allows for magma to be pulled from the mantle itself up to the surface, and often erupt violently, like Mount Saint Helens. Shield volcanoes are large and broad and resemble shields from above hence the name. The lava that pours out of these is thin, which allows it to travel easily down the shallow sides of the volcano, building up into many layers over thousands of small eruptions. Lava domes, or volcanic domes, are also caused by build up of lava over time, but this lava is thick, and the domes grow from the lava expanding within. These types are general ly more specific to terrestrial volcanoes, but they also serve as a base point for understanding extraterrestrial volcanoes, especially shield volcanoes. Planetary Volcanoes Mars Volcanoes can be found on all four of the terrestrial planets, but most of those found outside of the Earth are presumed to be dormant or extinct. Mars hosts the largest known volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, which is 624 km wide, which is comparable to the size of the state of Arizona, and 25 km high, whereas Mount Everest is a little under 9 km. Most volcanoes on Mars are significantly larger than those on Earth, which can be attributed to its lack of tectonic activity. Terrestrial volcanoes are created by the shifting, and subsequent crashing, of Earths tectonic plates over top of a hot spot within the somewhat liquid mantle, and as the plates move over the hot spot multiple volcanoes are fed. Mars does not have tectonic plates or a liquid mantle, and so significantly more magma is spewed out of a singular volcano, which then piles up into a larger and larger volcano. Martian volcanoes are assumed to be extinct since the estimate for the most recent eruption on the plane t was from Arsia Mons around 50 million years ago, at around the same time as the Cretaceousâ€Å"Paleogene extinction. Volcanic activity is an integral part of Martian history and composition, even if there has not been any recent activity. Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system Artistic Rendition of a volcano erupting on Mars Arsia Mons, Mars last active volcano Venus Venus has three main types of volcanoes, two of which are found on other celestial bodies and one that is exclusive to Venus. The most prevalent volcanoes are shield volcanoes, but they tend to be wider and shorter than those on Earth and Mars, likely because of its dense atmosphere. Venus also has lava domes, but they are often referred to as pancake domes because they are significantly larger than those found on Eart, sometimes up to 100 times so. The volcanic feature that is found exclusively on Venus is called a corona, which is an upwelling of material from the mantle that contains and is surrounded by volcanoes and lava flows. There is plenty of evidence of past volcanic activity on Venus, but is also the only other planet in the solar system, aside from Earth, thought to be actively volcanic. Current volcanic activity on Venus would explain the frequent flux in sulfur dioxide above the clouds, as well as the bursts of radio energy that occasionally observed coming from the pla net, but until some volcanic activity is observed, Venus cannot be classified as active. Nasa Image of Sapas Mons, a Venusian Volcano An Image of Venuss Pancake Domes A Computer generated view of a Venusian volcano from 1995 Mercury Mercury has not been volcanically active for around 3.5 billion years, but there is proof on the planet of volcanoes in its past. Mercury has a very small mantle, which is the part of terrestrial planets that produce the energy needed for volcanic activity through radioactive decay, and so it lost its internal heat much faster and its volcanism much earlier than the other planets. However, there are extensive smooth plains on Mercury, similar to the Lunas maria, where, billions of years ago, lava flowed across the surface and filled in the depressions. These smooth plains prove that at one point there was volcanic activity on Mercury, even if it has long since ended. Lunar Volcanoes Luna The volcanoes on Luna, Earths very own moon, seem to have been dormant for about a billion years, but the maria covering a significant amount of the near side of the moon is proof that there once was volcanic activity. These seas are similar to large parking lots, paved over and flattened out by lava flows earlier in the Moons life. Their location solely on the near side of the Moon implies that the volcanic activity was impacted in some way by the Earth, and adds another layer to the relationship between the two celestial bodies. Recently there has also been the discovery of Irregular Mare Patches, or IMPs, which are smaller spots on Luna that appear to be the product of volcanic activity, but some seem to be as young as 50 million years old. These IMPs mean that there could have been active volcanoes on the Moon during the time of the dinosaurs, and changes our perspective on the evolution of Luna. This also means that the interior of the Moon is likely warmer and possibly less dea d than we previously believed. The darker sections are the maria, evidence of a volcanic history for Luna A close up of a volcano on Io, taken from the Galileo spacecraft Jupiters moon Io has a very colorful exterior due to its volcanism Io Io is the most volcanically active object in the Solar system and thereby has the youngest surface, which is ironic when considering that its fellow Jovian moon Callisto has the oldest. Ios volcanism is a product of its location, being the closest of the Galilean Moons to their host planet Jupiter. Tidal forces from Jupiter are competing with tidal forces from Ganymede and Europa, two of the other Galilean Moons that are in resonance with Io, and these fighting forces cause Ios orbit to be highly eccentric. This eccentric orbit causes Io to flex as it revolves around Jupiter, and this flexing heats the moon in a process known as tidal heating. This heat is what allows for Ios volcanism, although the specifics of how it works are still being researched. Cryovolcanoes There are also some places in space that have ice volcanoes, known as cryovolcanoes, that instead of spewing out molten rock erupt volatiles, which are chemical compounds and elements with low boiling points. Cryovolcanoes happen on items further out from the sun, where it is cold enough for their surface to freeze, and there are several theories on the different methods these objects use to keep their internal temperature high enough to contain liquid. One seen in most moons with cryovolcanoes is tidal friction that stretches the planet enough to warm its core and give it a liquid interior, but there are other possibilities as well. Enceladus Enceladus is a moon of Saturn, a possible home for life, and a host of what seems to be at least one cryovolcano. On its southern pole, the moon spews out a plume of mostly water from spots within its Tiger Stripes, which are four large, linear depressions on the surface of the planet. This liquid water is believed to come from an internal ocean under the icy outer layer of Enceladus, and it is believed that Saturns tidal friction is keeping it warm enough to remain in a liquid state. This cryovolcanic activity is actually the cause of Saturns E ring, as the water freezes into chunks of ice and begins to orbit Saturn along with Enceladus. Enceladus, Saturns 6 largest moon A false-color view of Enceladuss plumes Enceladus eruption as captured by Cassini Titans thick haze and nearly opaque atmosphere make it seem featureless A topographic computer model of Sotra Facula, an apparent cryovolcano on Titan The south pole of Triton, Neptunes largest moon An artists rendition of volcanoes on Triton Titan Titan is Saturns largest moon, the second largest moon in the solar system, the only moon in the solar system with a substantial atmosphere, and is also believed to have cryovolcanic activity. The thick haze surrounding the planet and its nearly opaque atmosphere make Titans surface very difficult to study, but recent flyby missions have suggested that volcanic activity is a highly likely possibility. Volcanic activity would explain the continuous supply of fresh methane found in Titans atmosphere, and what seems to be lava flow surrounding mountains on the moon. Although there is currently no concrete evidence that Titan has volcanic activity, or that it is of the cryo variety, there is no concrete evidence to prove the reverse, either. Triton Triton is the largest moon of Neptune, and when Voyager 2 did a flyby of the moon in 1989 it discovered that it, too, has cryovolcanoes that are spewing nitrogen and ice 8 km into space. Little is known about the internal workings of these volcanoes because of the moons distance from Earth, but it has been observed being actively cryovolcanic. Pluto When the New Horizons space probe was launched in 2006, astronomers expected to find Pluto and its moon Charon to be icy wastelands, just hunks of frozen rock floating out in the Kuiper Belt. They were shocked when they found a high level of geologic activity on the two objects, and evidence of possible cryovolcanoes. There are two obvious spots on Pluto that are being looked into as volcanoes, Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, which appear similar to Mars volcanoes. This is the first time features like this have been found on celestial bodies that are not terrestrial planets, and if they are indeed cryovolcanoes, this could change everything we know about them. Pluto, taken by the New Horizons space probe Wright Mons, a possible cryovolcano on Pluto Charon, as taken by the New Horizons space probe An Artists rendition of a cryovolcano on Charon Volcanoes are found on celestial bodies all throughout the solar system, and as space continues to be explored, new types of volcanoes are discovered. They differ in every possible way, from size to eruption composition, to formation, but they all tell a story about an active and constantly evolving solar system, and by extension, universe. Bibliography https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/volcanoes2/en/ https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/atlas/olympus-mons.html https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway_pre_2011/rocks_metals/3_does_the_earth_move2.shtml https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/mars-volcano-earths-dinosaurs-went-extinct-about-the-same-time https://www.universetoday.com/27333/types-of-volcanoes/ https://hagablog.co.uk/demos/enceladus/volcanism/index.html https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20081215b.html https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101215-saturn-moon-titan-ice-volcano-nasa-science-pictures/ https://www.space.com/38383-ancient-moon-atmosphere-from-volcanoes.html https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/24nov_imps https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/io-volcanoes-displaced.html https://astronomynow.com/2016/08/07/most-volcanic-activity-on-mercury-stopped-about-3-5-billion-years-ago/ https://geology.com/stories/13/venus-volcanoes/ https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150708-the-volcanoes-found-in-space https://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-s-big-moon-charon-reveals-a-colorful-and-violent-history https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-think-they-found-enormous-volcanoes-plutos-surface-spew-ice-instead-lava-and-ash/ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/possible-ice-volcano-on-pluto-has-the-wright-stuff

Health History for Health Assessment Essay - 3959 Words

NSG306 Health Assessment: Health History on Mr. Ricky Ricardo Jean Bors-Koefoed amp; Sarah Wright Baptist College of Health Sciences Health History Biographical Data Date: 05-23-2010 Name: Ricky Ricardo Gender: Male Race/Ethnicity: Hispanic Marital Status: Married Date of Birth: XX/XX/XX Occupation: Medical Device Representative Address: XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Phone Number: (XXX) XXX-XXXX Contact Person (relationship to patient): Lucille Ball/wife (XXX) XXX-XXXX Reason for Seeking Healthcare: â€Å"Providing a Health History for Health Assessment† History of Present Illness: Patient does not have a present illness. He is only seeking care for the purpose of providing a health†¦show more content†¦Should he experience another infection similar to one typically caused by Staph, understanding that he has had a Staph infection in the past can help physicians make an accurate diagnosis quickly and treat the infection accordingly. Hospitalizations: The patient was hospitalized in 1984 for two weeks for Osteomyelitis. He had to undergo surgery to remove the infection in the proximal portion of his left tibia.. Hospitalizations in the past can give insight to a current or pre-existing condition. The specifics of a hospitalization make it easier to receive the medical records if necessary. It is also important to record any psychological hospitalizations because they can also give explanation to current health issues. With just the one hospitalization in his health history, the Mr. Ricardo is unlikely to have any residual problems resulting from his stay. Immunizations: The patient is up-to-date on all immunizations. According to the patient’s health records from the Pennsylvania Department of Health, he received the last of five Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis on November 3, 1980. He also received just a Tetnus-Diptheria vaccination on October 23, 1990. He had the final dose of the three Oral Polio immunization on January 30, 1979. He had both his Rubella and his Mumps vaccines on SeptemberShow MoreRelatedThe Health Assessment And Health History1935 Words   |  8 Pages1: Analyze Assessment Data: A. Areas for focused assessment (30 points) Individual’s strengths noted in the Health Assessment/Health History: †¢ Strong spiritual beliefs †¢ Good church and friend support system with close male friends. †¢ Knowledgeable as well as engaged with his health care. †¢ Active in bicycling, with his employee group and church group. †¢ Up to date with immunizations and has not had any major illnesses. †¢ Access to healthcare with health insurance with a wide network of providersRead MoreA Survey Health History Assessment On A Patient Represented By The Initials1259 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical attention, has had a health history assessment conducted on them. Such an assessment provides health care workers such nurses, with vital information about the patient’s overall well-being. It can also be viewed as a guide in directing the nurse, in provided the most beneficial and utmost plan of care. The purpose of this paper is to exemplify a conducted health history assessment on a patient represented by the initials L.H.; Which focuses on subjective assessment data, synthesizing the dataRead MoreSpiritual Assessment Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesSpiritual Assessment NUR 645E Grand Canyon University April 3, 2013 Abstract Evidence has linked a strong relationship between spirituality and medicine. There is a positive correlation between a patient’s spirituality or religious commitment and health outcomes. A spiritual assessment as a part of a health assessment is a practical step to incorporating patient’s spiritual needs into practice. 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The Organizational Activities

Questions: Task 1 1.1. Organizational structure and culture in MS: 1.2 Relationship between structure and culture in an organization: 1.3 Factors that affect behaviours of workers: Task 2: 2.1 Different leadership styles 2.2 Organizational theory influences the practical management: 2.3 Management Approach: Task 3: 3.1 Impact of changing leadership on motivating the employees 3.2 Motivational theories that can be applied within the business scenario of MS Task 4: 4.1 Explanation of the different groups within MS and the differentiating the behaviour 4.2 Factors for promoting the development of the groups within MS 4.3 Evaluation of the current new technology impacting on the team functioning Answers: Introduction The organizational activities depend on the effective leadership styles. The leaders are the ones who motivate the employees in order to achieve the organizational goals. In this case, there is the mentioning of the effective leadership styles of two leading company named Nisa and MS. MS is a multi channel retailer based on the international market from the last 130 years. The changing leadership style from Sir Stuart Rose to Marc Bolland is appreciable. On the other hand, Nisa is famous for the entrepreneur grocery shop. The company has been associating with the supermarket chains since 1977. The huge turnovers have made the company in achieving the remarkable position in the retail industries. However, the study will be evaluating the effective leadership style for considering success. Task 1 1.1.Organizational structure and culture in MS: Organizational structure and culture mean the relationships among the authority and formal system of work that govern the interaction between managers and employees in the organization. Marks and Spencer plc follow a pattern that illustrates the idea of hierarchical structure. The main strategy of MS has been changed due to increasing competition in UK retail market in the past five years. Now their focus is on service quality and innovation of new techniques. They took a strategy of diversifying product ranges store location to reduce the dependence on the UK retail market. In early days the work culture depended on the honesty and hard work of the workers. NISA, a supermarket Association, attracted many retailers to become a member aimed to protect their independence in the market by providing some benefits to them. NISA, over the years, has ensured prosperity of many retailers and provide greater means to its success. MS is an international multi-channel retailer whereas NISA is company that operating near around 2600 retail stores by giving them greater means for achieving success (New.edu, 2015). 1.2 Relationship between structure and culture in an organization: An organization must have a structure and culture to reach their effective goals. There is a need for a structural framework to implement corporate culture while culture says what should be the structure of a company. A divisional structure in an organization has the flexibility to make it competitive and make it able to meet customers needs and wants. A new organizational structure is matrix structure that redefines the concept of the hierarchy to make effective decisions. For an example, NISA needs to have a structure to achieve their goals, so they share their task among various employees to make them efficient by the distribution of labour method. If they do not use the proper organizational structure then it will affect the productivity of the organization. Organization has to create entire divisions that are dedicated to customer service (Harvard Business Review, 1978). 1.3 Factors that affect behaviours of workers: An organization has many employers who are aimed to achieve their respective goals in an organized way and their behaviour totally depends on some factors. In case of MS, the behaviour of workers is a very important factor that affects the organizational output. One important factor is radical backgrounds of individuals that play a crucial role in determining their thoughts, values and way of thinking. Another factor is the personality of individual that varies person to person. The key factor is the positions workers hold in their workplace, for an example behaviour of managers is totally different from the behaviour of their subordinates in the workplace. They are from different skill levels, they hold different work powers. So the managers in MS have different behaviours than the workers works under them as they are from different cultural areas (Csr360gpn.org, 2015). The status of workers within MS affects the behaviour of workers. Task 2: 2.1 Different leadership styles: A leader is an effective individual in the organization who guides others workers in the group by providing direction towards their common goal. Leadership is a process of influencing others to make a change for a better future. One important style is authoritarian style, in which leaders tell their employees about the works. Marc Bolland, Chief executive of MS, has shown excellent leadership skills throughout his business career. Under his leadership, MS has become a pioneer in facing business challenges. MS follows the consultative style that means leaders of MS consults with workers before taking any decision. Another leadership style is the democratic style the business decision is made by the leader by considering the inputs of other members.. The pioneering approach in MS is useful as it redefined the existing opportunities to embrace sustainability. Whereas NISA appointed Nick Read as a new CEO, who is passionate about providing suitable service for the consumer (Asaecenter.or g, 2015). 2.2 Organizational theory influences the practical management: Organizational theory and structure explain the structure and design of an organization, and it can influence the overall performance of an organization whereas management theory helps managers to work in collecting and designing theories and generating ideas. The oldest theory of management is a classical theory. To increase workers efficiency, F. Taylor developed the concept of strategic management theories. The manager of MS is very effective in taking different styles of management and motivational theories to gain a better result. Managers adopted Participatory decision style to get better performance from the workers. So these theories are necessary for increasing the productivity to achieve operational goals. By using these management theories, MS develops strategies to face these challenges (Managementhelp.org, 2015). MS depends on giving equal opportunities to all employees that promotes working environment free from any discrimination. 2.3 Management Approach: One of the important management approach developed by Koontz is a decision theory approach that focuses on the persons and process and make the decisions. This approach helps managers to improve communication and to play their roles efficiently. Another important approach is system approach which helps the organization to work as a team but with a single purpose. Three famous management styles are Democratic management, Bureaucratic management and, Autocratic management. MS has adopted the bureaucratic style to get its goal i.e. members of the organization are purely governed by decision-making rules. Whereas NISA changed its management style and put a transition strategy to search experienced retailer to get the benefit of development in future. The management of NISA would like to launch new store format to enhance their business (Business in the Community, 2015). Task 3: 3.1 Impact of changing leadership on motivating the employees It is to be ensured that the effective leadership approaches can enhance the employee motivation of the organization. According to Cummings and Worley (2014), the different leadership style can motivate the employees for retaining them in the changing business scenario. The leadership style can be differentiated in different divisions, such as Autocratic, Democratic or participative, laissez-faire, Transformational, cognitive etc. In case of MS, the changing leadership style of Sir Stuart Rose to Marc Bolland, has created much impact and has led the company towards achieving the international success. Firstly the company followed the bureaucratic leadership styles for guiding and monitoring the employees. The orders of the higher authority could not motivate the employees much prominently. The bureaucratic leadership style can affect the employees as they are not allowed to take part in any decision-making events. Later the company changed the leadership styles into transformational leadership style. In such style, the employees get the chances to improve their personal and professional development skills and create the remarkable place in the organisation. Therefore, the changing leadership style has created the effective employee engagement and achieved the success over the global business market. When the employees are developing their personal and professional skills with the help of the efficient training session provided by the management of the company, the employees get the motivation for work harder. This is simply derives the future success as well as the profitability for the company. 3.2 Motivational theories that can be applied within the business scenario of MS For ensuring the skilled employee engagement, the application of the proper motivational theories is very much significant. The application of two relevant theories is presented below: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs This theory is dealing with five major aspects. These are psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization. The psychological needs are considered as the basic needs, which explain the psychological needs of a person for the survival. Safety needs ensures the safety and security aspect of the person (Sharif and Scandura, 2014). Social needs are indicating the companionship of a person for the survival. Esteem needs are highlighting the social status, which sometimes facilitated as more than the personal relationship maintaining. The self-actualization needs are concerned about the personal growth or skills development. Herzbergs theory of Motivation In concerning the motivational theory, Herzberg has discussed about the two-factor theory. These are Hygiene factor and Motivation factor (Anderson, 2014). The hygiene theory is including of the mandatory aspects of the company, such as implementations of the policy, salary structure, providing the security to the employees, providing comfortable working environment, the transparent relationship building with the subordinates, the proper relationship building with the supervisors and the status maintaining (Hill et al. 2014). On the other aspect, the motivation factor includes the achievement of the employees while working within an organization, maintenance of the responsibilities, recognitions of the skilled performance of the employees, advancements of the equipment, etc. The application of these two theories would be relevant enough for MS for motivating the employees and enhancing the skilled leadership styles. The managers can be beneficial with the implication of such leadership styles. It is to be noted that the development of the personal and the professional skills of the employees is effective enough to bring out the skilled performance of the employees. As the changing leadership style is significantly gathering the employees supports, it is very much indicative that MS can reach to the high peak of business success in this global environment. Task 4: 4.1 Explanation of the different groups within MS and the differentiating the behaviour There are some of the groups residing within MS. The leadership team is following the effective leadership styles for motivating the employees and retaining them for the future prospects. The operation management team is developing operational activities undertaken for succeeding the Plan-A project. The Subordinates are developing their professional skills with the help f the proper motivational strategic implementations. The proper amendments of the behavioural approaches will be beneficial for the company in concerning the future sustainability over the global business market. The teamwork has been very much beneficial for the company in order to achieve success. The effective leadership strategy is helpful enough in motivating the employees and engaging them into teamwork for the successful Plan-A project. The engagement of the subordinates thus makes difference in establishing the strong business entity. 4.2 Factors for promoting the development of the groups within MS The co-operative feature is extremely needed for ensuring the group development within MS. the unity among the team members can enhance the work quality, which helps in assuring the business profitability. The advancements of the information technology have enhanced the communication system, which is facilitating the development of the efficient teamwork (Bartelt and Dennis, 2014). Both the organizational and the environmental factors have created much impact on the teamwork. The motivational factors undertaken by the management have contributed the effectiveness for promoting the group development within MS. The company is thus benefitted by the development of the advanced technicalities. The enhancement of the training sessions has increased the profitability of MS in these days. 4.3 Evaluation of the current new technology impacting on the team functioning The effective nature of the technological equipment is cohesively related to the organizational tasks. More skilled technologies are influencing the higher groups. The evaluation of such wider use of these advanced technologies is thus significant enough for the operational management. The identification of the relevant cohesive group is very important and the technological advancements are influencing such aspects. The implementation of the technical tools in concerning the development of the business segments is thus beneficial for the future sustainability of MS. The information technology is bringing the innovation and improvising the communicational skills, which is significant enough for influencing the cohesive teams (Pinder, 2014). The adaptations of the skilled technicalities are efficiently creating the impact on the team members. Conclusion The study is defining the different leadership styles maintained by the management of the company Nisa and MS. The obtained idea from the study is reflecting that the companies have to adopt several effective leadership styles to motivate the employees. This changing leadership style is justified for bringing out the skilled efficiency of the employees and motivating them for assuring the future sustainability and success. However, some of the situational factor may cause the employee turnover to some extent, but the proper maintaining of the team work would make it significant enough in achieving success. References: Asaecenter.org, (2015). 8 Common Leadership Styles- Associations Now Magazine Resource ASAE. [online] Available at: https://www.asaecenter.org/Resources/ANowDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=241962 [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. Business in the Community, (2015). Marks and Spencer: Going Beyond Monitoring - Example of Excellence 2011. [online] Available at: https://www.bitc.org.uk/our-resources/case-studies/marks-and-spencer-going-beyond-monitoring-example-excellence-2011 [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. Csr360gpn.org, (2015). Marks and Spencer: Ethical Model Factories | Magazine | Global Partner Network: Corporate Social Responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.csr360gpn.org/magazine/feature/ms-ethical-model-factories/ [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. Harvard Business Review, (1978). Problems of Matrix Organizations. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1978/05/problems-of-matrix-organizations [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. Managementhelp.org, (2015). Power, Influence and Persuasion in Organizations. [online] Available at: https://managementhelp.org/leadingpeople/influencing-others.htm [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. New.edu, (2015). new.edu | MG641: Leadership and Organizational Behavior. [online] Available at: https://new.edu/nodes/organizational-structure-culture-and-change [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. Cummings, T., and Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Sharif, M. M., and Scandura, T. A. (2014). Do perceptions of ethical conduct matter during organizational change? Ethical leadership and employee involvement.Journal of Business Ethics,124(2), 185-196. Hill, C., Jones, G., and Schilling, M. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Anderson, A. (2014). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), 7. Bartelt, V. L., and Dennis, A. R. (2014). NATURE AND NURTURE: THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATICITY.MIS quarterly,38(2), 521-538. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.